Effects Of Smoking On Public Places - 996 Words

She walked by me and a trail of smoke followed her like a burning building. While many in society were irritated about the NO SMOKING policies in public places, it was and is morally justified. Smoking is not only a health hazard to the individual puffing on the cigarette, but also every person around that area health is at risk. Society has been thoroughly informed of the hazards from smoking cigarettes; yet people still choose smoking as a form of stress relief or enjoyment. The exposer to the harmful toxins not only affects the smoker and non-smoker at the time of inhaling the smoke, but the potential affects could possibly show up years later. Lung scaring and various forms of cancer are only a few of the possibilities of potential†¦show more content†¦Direct experience of second and third hand smoke as a child helped me choose to not smoke as an adult, but more importantly as a parent. Some individuals smoke inside their own home, which is completely their choice. Entering into a public place while smoking affects complete strangers by forcing them to breathe in the toxins from the cigarette. The smoker has a filter at the end of the cigarette; the innocent bystander has nothing but toxic smoke to inhale. According to Opposing View Points, â€Å"To protect nonsmokers from exposure to secondhand smoke, the United States passed laws limiting smoking in public places. During the 1970s, states and cities began requiring nonsmoking areas in public areas and workplaces. Over the next thirty years, many workplaces and public areas became â€Å"smoke-free environments,† where smoking was completely forbidden. Regulations on smoking in public vary across states and cities; however, federal law bans smoking in all federal facilities and control smoking on airplanes, which was banned in 1990 for all domestic flights less than six hours long. Today, most flights betwee n the United States and other countries are also smoke free† (Smoking). Before smoking was prohibited in restaurants and other public areas, my family dined at a local Waffle House. My toddler son sat in a highchair in the aisle when a woman walked past our table smoking a cigarette. I remember thinking to myself, â€Å"That smoke follows her likeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Smoking On Public Places993 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironmental tobacco smoke has been an issue. Smoking tobacco products is the leading, preventable cause of death in the United States. More than ten times of the deaths from smoking cigarettes have added up to be more deaths than all the wars fought by the United states (Jones, Page 65, 2016). There are more deaths caused each year from tobacco use than all deaths of HIV, illegal drug and alcohol use, car accidents, and murders combined (Judd, page 110, 2009). Smoking harms nearly every organ and part ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On Public Places 1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthe minds of Americans today such as abortion, the use of handguns, and one of the most controversial topics, which is smoking in public places. The history of smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BC and has been recorded in many different cultures across the world. According to the History Channel, â€Å"When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492, he observed Native Americans smoking tobacco. They actually used it to insert their cigars into their nostrils to smoke. Columbus took tobacco back to EuropeRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Smoking In Public Places1157 Words   |  5 Pages Smoking should be banned in public places The government of the United States, should ban smoking in all public places because of the adverse effects of passive smoking on smokers, non-smokers and the environment. In the recent years, the population of people who smoke in the US has significantly increased. People still choose to smoke even when they have adequate knowledge of how unhealthy smoking can be. Smoking is a personal choice for any individual. Moreover, it is a highly addictive habitRead MoreSecond-Hand Smoke1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Second-Hand Smoke Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant. You are sitting down trying to enjoy your dinner when all you can smell is smoke. Not only are you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-handRead MoreThe Negative Consequences Of Public Smoking1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Consequences of Public Smoking Smoking is known to be one of the most dangerous medicine and can come with some seriously negative to one’s lungs. Research studies have shown that second- hand smoking can be equally as bad. According to the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report, â€Å"2.5 million adults who were nonsmokers died because they breathed secondhand smoke† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). To those who own restaurants, oversee public places, and others in charge of entertainmentRead MoreEssay on Public Smoking Ban1091 Words   |  5 Pagesexposed to secondhand smoke (Report: Ban smoking in public places). The risk of inferior health caused by smoking in public establishments is truly intolerable. The banning of smoking in public places everywhere should be imposed because it would reduce the risk of health problems of non-smokers, it could reduce the number of smokers all together, and, therefore, reduce the amount of valuable money taxpayers spend on smoking related costs . Smoking in public places should be banned because it could reduceRead MoreBanning The Issue Of Banning Cigarettes1317 Words   |  6 Pagesthat regard, what are considered public places in state laws in reference to smoking is very much debatable. It is our duty as individuals to exercise certain behaviors that will benefit others, regardless of life circumstances and serve our society in the most respectable manner, in accordance to people rights and choices. Since the nineties, there has been a massive controversy on the issue of banning cigarettes in the U.S. Some claim that banning public smoking is an infringement on their freedomRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?864 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the practices which is considered highly dangerous to our health because it impacts the smoker and the people around them. There are approximately one billion smokers. Smoking is a big issue that the nonsmoker faces. For example, when the smokers smoke in public places like restaurants, universities and other public places it hurts the non-smoker. The non-smoker breathing the cigarette, marijuana or hookah smoke from the smoker do both of them are breathing toxic chemicals. In aRead MorePublic smoking Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking in Public â€Å"One thousand Americans stop smoking every day - by dying.†(The Quote Garden). It’s no surprise that smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the nation. There is overwhelming evidence that smoking affects our health. However, when one lights up a cigarette and smokes where other are present, one not only affects his or her own body, but others as well. This refers not only to the inconvenience of someone smoking near you, but also to the affect of secondhand smokeRead MoreCloud of Smoke Essay example965 Words   |  4 PagesSmoke How many people have been walking around in a public place, and been bombarded with a thick cloud of smoke surrounding them? The truth is, many of us have been in this situation. Rather or not if we like or dislike the fact, it happens. There is a way to prevent such an annoying and disruptive act. In light of this, cigarette smoking should be banned from all public places, such as restaurants, bars, clubs and even parks. Smoking is one of the worst human habits that a person can pick

Stevenson’s Portrayal of Good an Evil and the Dual Nature...

Stevenson’s Portrayal of Good an Evil and the Dual Nature of Men in Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson wrote the novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in the late1800. This novel portrays the idea of a dual nature in man; it shows this as good and evil. Stevenson was fascinated with the duality in man and how in public there were outstanding gentlemen with high status but in reality liked to indulge in the pleasures but their status stopped them. ====================================================================== He had two main influences for the novel one was his Nurse. As a child Stevenson was very ill and spent most of his time in bed, during this time his Nurse would tell him stories†¦show more content†¦The first chapter starts with two main characters talking a walk, when they see a door it is described as â€Å"bore in every feature the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence†. This door stuck out from the rest of the street since all the other buildings have been well kept, this is the first sign of duality in the book. The door makes Mr Enfield remember a past event when he met Mr Hyde. He watches as Hyde tramples on a little girl; he is described as a â€Å"juggernaut†. Stevenson makes a little girl the first victim of Hyde because children represent innocence, and only someone evil would do something like that. Enfield describes him as giving â€Å"a strong feeling of deformity† yet he is not easily described. In the second chapter Utterson finally encounters Hyde his â€Å"hissing intake of breath† strengthens the beast like impression you receive from him, Utterson attempts to explain why he was filled with such a loathing at the sight of him . Stevenson wants us to know that Hyde is akin to the devil and evil. Also it as if descent people instinctively know that there is something wrong with him; however they can’t seem to say what it is so they call it a deformity. Again we encounter the theme of duality, in the fourth chapter, this is very similar to the chapter in which Hyde tramples on the little girl. There is a lot of duality in this chapter as the maid

Crime and Punishment Suspense Free Essays

Suspense begins in Roskolnikov’s thoughts There are times where we find ourselves living in suspense, feeling insecure about what possibly can occur next. So many things that surround us, at times, foreshadow what may happen next. When this happens, we crave to know what is the next event that will arrive. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Punishment: Suspense or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the book of Crime and Punishment, there are many parts in which the story becomes suspenseful. Well, how does Dostoyevsky achieve and sustain the suspense in his novel? It all starts right when we find out that Roskolnikov creates feelings of hatred towards Alyona Ivanovna, and creates some sort of plan to kill her. Even though in his thoughts laid the plan, he wasn’t completely convinced by his own being in actually completing with a crime. But once he was at the bar, where he overheard a conversation about Ivanovna and how she were better off dead, he decided that it was best that he were to do their request. This is before the suspense comes into play. Overhearing the conversations about Alyona Ivanovna persuaded Rokolnikov that it was his destiny to murder her. The more he thought about it, the more he liked the idea. This is where we can see a bit of suspense growing, because as a reader, what can we expect from a man who has never committed a crime such as killing? While Roskolnikov was a bit insecure about his decision in doing murder, he planned to use an ax to murder Alyona Ivanovna. He got his ax, and went his way to her door, waiting the moment where he can take action. It’s possible to imagine that in this moment, Roskolnikov probably tensed up in his body, possibly shook out of being nervous, and sweated heavily because he was going to do something he has never done before. The thoughts that lurked in his head of killing another person seemed right to him, because supposedly it was his â€Å"destiny†, but somewhere deep inside of him, he knew the act of murder brought consequences. This is where suspense begins to grow. Roskolnikov appears at her door, waiting for her to be in his presence. She opens the door to find him at her doorstep, and allows him to come in. Roskolnikov offered her something to distract her from seeing him get out his ax, and he was successful. The suspense by now has grown to a whole another level, where we read to find out if Roskolnikov is really capable of killing another person, or not. This part of the book ends with letting us know that he was libertine, and when the chance was presented to him, he got out his ax, and lacerated her until she lied on the floor, dead. Dostoyevsky, the author of Crime and Punishment, was successful in bringing in suspense to this part of the story. He was able to grasp for the reader’s attention, in wanting to know more of what Roskolnikov was capable of doing, what would have been his next move, and leaving them in shock when they come to find out what he ends up doing. This had to be one of the times in the book of Crime and Punishment where suspense was presented. Works Cited Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment How to cite Crime and Punishment: Suspense, Papers

African Civilizations - Summary free essay sample

Bantu people also stayed in West Africa. For instance, there were certainly people living at Djenne-Djeno, in modern Mali, far up the Niger river in West Africa, around 250 BC. By 300 AD, the men and women of Djenne-Djeno were trading along the Niger river with other West African communities to get iron and good stone to make grindstones. They buried dead people in tall pots that stood in between their houses. By 500 AD, there were about 20,000 people living in Djenne-Djeno in West Africa, more than in most European towns of that time. There were also smaller towns around the main town. They kept on working iron, and by now were also working copper, which came more than 1000 kilometers (about 600 miles) to get to Djenne-Djeno. They sold their pottery up and down the Niger river as far as 750 kilometers (450 miles) away. Mali began as one of the districts in the Kingdom of Ghana. We will write a custom essay sample on African Civilizations Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Around 1230 CE, Ghana collapsed and Mali took over. In time, they grew to be larger than Ghana! The new king, Sundiata, was young and clever. He was a very good king. One of the first things he did, when he became king after Ghana collapsed, was to restore trade with the neighbors. He recognized that trade was critical to Malis survival and growth. He expanded Mali so that Mali controlled some of the gold mines to the south and some of the salt mines in the north. His son Wali continued his good works, and expanded the borders of the empire even more. His grandson, Mansa Musa, has intrigued people for hundreds of years. His adventures are legendary! Mansa Musa loved knowledge and poetry. Under the direction of Mansa Musa, a university was built at Timbuktu, a city on the Trans-Sahara Trade Route, in ancient Mali. This university became a famous center of learning. People came from all over to study there. The various kingdoms in West Africa made very good trading partners. They each had something the other wanted. The north had salt. The south had gold. Ghana was in the middle. Ghana handled the trades. Trades were even, ounce for ounce an ounce of gold for an ounce of salt. Both sides north and south paid Ghana a tribute to handle the trades. Although Ghana never owned gold and salt mines, they controlled the trade between the kingdoms to the north and the kingdoms to the south. Ghana Gets Rich: With the arrival of camel trains, the caravans, the Kingdom of Ghana expanded their control to include trade with the foreigners. They traded gold for spices and other uxury goods as well as salt. The King of Ghana was a very wise man. He did three things that he felt would protect his people. #1: Tax: The first thing the king did was charge a tax (a tribute, a tariff) on all people entering and leaving Ghana. This tax was paid in salt, iron, peacock feathers, fine silk, spices, and other luxury goods. In exchange, Ghana warriors kept the trade routes open and protected from raiders. As long as the traders paid the tax, traders could pass in peace. It was the tax that made Ghana rich. | | #2: The System of Silent Barter: The king established a system of silent barter. Rather than meet and argue a price, gold would be left at a special place for the traders to take. If ample goods were not left in exchange, all trade ceased. The traders of Ghana did not speak the language of many of the new traders who crossed the Sahara via the Trans-Sahara Trade Routes. This system of silent barter worked very well. Traders were afraid to leave too little. They knew Ghana would stop trading. If anything, they left more than they normally would, to keep relations good and trade flowing. #3: A Second City:   The King of Ghana did not wish traders to enter his city on a routine basis or in an uncontrolled manner. To protect his people, he built a second city for the traders located about 6 miles from the main capital. The capital remained a city for the king and his people. The other, the new part of the city, was reserved for Moslem traders, merchants, and foreigners. This system worked very well. It allowed the people of Ghana to continue to worship in a way that was familiar and comfortable to them. It encouraged the traders to worship in their way, in the many mosques they built in the new city. The people of Ghana had a huge army. But they really didn’t want trouble. They wanted their life to continue as it always had, only more comfortably. The king wanted to conduct public prayer in the big open plazas of his city. The people in the villages wanted to hear the griots, the storytellers, telling the stories they loved so much about Anansi the Spider. All people, common and noble, wanted to dance at the festivals in the masks they   loved to make and wear, accompanied by the drums for which they were famous. The Gold Coast: As more and more traders braved the Trans-Sahara Trade Routes, bringing spices and silks to Ghana, and taking gold in trade, the Kingdom of Ghana flourished. Ghana and other West African kingdoms soon became known as The Gold Coast. |

Organizational Structures

Organizational structures have existed for a long time and it is not a new phenomenon in management. An organizational structure is the hierarchical organization of authority and duties of organizations and it comprises of activities like allocation of duties, supervision and coordination that is intended to make an organization realize its goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The structure of organizations can be in many forms considering the different goals and objectives to be achieved. It is through organizational structure that power, roles and organization’s way of operations and performance are determined. Organizational structures offer the platform on which the basic operating processes and events rest. It also decides on the specific personnel who may take part in the processes of decision-making and to the limit their ideas decides the actions of the organization. In an organization where there exists centralization, decision making capabilities are bestowed on the top managers and the departments are under strict control. Organizations should develop structures because they provide the specific guidelines for operation and brings members together. When an organization adopts the required organizational structure, the management process becomes more effective. The way an organization’s structure develops will depend on which organizational structure category it will fall. When referring to tall structures, we see the top most managers being the CEO and different management levels. As growth in the organization sets in, the management levels increase too but the slim span of control enables strict employee supervision. On the other hand, flat organizational structures are characterized by fewer management levels, quick decision making processes, faster communication and a wide span of control (Ellis, 2003). Southwest Gas Corporation is an American company that provides energy supplies. It buys transports and distributes natural gas. Southwest Gas Corporation has transformed a great deal, from the usage of traditional structures to contemporary designs and this has seen it adopt a flat organizational structure. This organization focuses mainly on customer satisfaction considering the fact that its employees work with freedom.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The department in this company comprises of accounting and finance, human resource, marketing and distribution departmrnts.The departmental heads are the team leaders who are responsible for coordinating and supervising their departments. A trick to business growth in today’s ever changing global economy is controlled by innovation and creativity (Southwest Gas, 2007). An organization like Southwest Gas that has const ant contact with its customer base gets to know better their market and respond to its needs. Innovativeness results to potential re entry into the market with better products and services hence making organizations with flat structures remain relevant in the market. A flat structure offers employees with the opportunity to grow and succeed (Southwest Gas, 2007). Organizational design may refer to a formal way of binding together technology, human resource and information in an organization. The design process starts with strategy creation. Matrix involves the process of allocating duties to professionals from different departments to develop or oversee a single or more projects. Personnel from marketing and finance departments may be required to design marketing strategies and determine budgets when introducing a new product or service in the market (Ellis, 2003). A functional structure is based on the basic organizational functions like accounting, human resource, marketing and fi nance. An executive in a small company may hire managers for these areas, managers may employ coordinators. When the organization expands in the future, managers may assume the roles of directors. Customer design ensures that the organization positions its employees in a manner that they are able to understand its customers. Offering products and services to different customers may require that departments come up with structures and design that meet the diverse needs of different customers. There are many managerial levels in tall organizational structures. In a bureaucratic structure, there exist specific extents of standardization that is good for larger and complex organizations to adopt a tall structure. Max Webber characterized bureaucratic structures as being hierarchical, having well defined organizational roles and responsibilities, and recognition of performance (Ellis, 2003). Large organizations are mostly characterized by tall organizational structures. British Gas Compa ny a good example of a tall organizational structure. British Gas is a British-owned organization that deals with energy supplies and its deals stretch from the United Kingdom to North America. Activities at the British Gas are divided into business units by products, services, and functions focusing on customer needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The active departments in the British Gas company are the finance and marketing departments, headed by departmental heads who assume the roles of team players. Team structure is applied in the British Gas company as every member of this organization works as a team member. The team leaders are also known as service managers. There is span of control at British Gas as each team has a manager or a leader. Employees who start their career as apprentice may later be service managers and/or operational managers a s they progress in their careers (British Gas, 2012). Qualcomm Incorporated is an American organization that deals with next-generation technologies and 3G networks. Qualcomm Incorporated is another tall structured organization that applies traditional organizational designs namely divisional and functional structures. However, contemporary design is evident when team structure is employed. This organization is divided into two units based on functional and product departmentalization. The administrative or the functional units comprises of Human resource, marketing, financial and global development departments. These departments are responsible for worldwide coordination of the organizations operations (May, 2005). At Qualcomm, there is work specialization where various tasks are given to different individuals depending on their specialization. Qualcomm’s departmentalization consists of functional and product departmentalization that includes the business and administrative units. The business Unit is further divided into subunits considering product departmentalization. The finance department is headed by a manager who oversees budget allocation. Product marketing is done by the marketing department headed by a sales manager. The head of the Human resource department is responsible for employees’ welfare and well being. Many employees have teamed up hence the unity of command is minimal. Qualcomm is quite decentralized because teams are their own decision makers (May, 2005). Organizational structure highlights hierarchical authority and the roles of different individuals in the organization. Organizational structures offer the platform on which the basic operating processes and events rest. The way an organization’s structure develops will depend on which organizational structure category it will fall.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational design process starts with strategy creation. Offering products and services to different customers may require that departments come up with structures and design that meet the diverse needs of different customers. Large organizations are mostly characterized by tall organizational structures. A trick to business growth in today’s ever changing global economy that is controlled by innovation and creativity requires that centralization be discarded. References British Gas. (2012).British Gas. Retrieved from www.britishgas.co.uk Ellis, C. (2003). The flattening Corporation. MIT Sloan management Review, 4(4), 5. May, L. (2005). Organizational structure and designs. Retrieved from www.emaytrix.com/mgmt307/section 7.php Southwest Gas Corporation. (2007). Pro of the Southwest gas Retrieved from http/www.swgas.com/about/aboutus/index.php?val N†¦ This essay on Organizational Structures was written and submitted by user Samson Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

partial-birth abortions and abortions

This is about my views on the controversial subject of partial-birth abortions and abortions. There are many views on these so-called practices of neonatal medicine from the extremists who demonstrate how "powerful" they are by blocking abortion clinics, to the protesters that say people have the choice to kill an unborn child. That is why I think that all these protests, "demonstrations", etc. are not only useless but also tarnishes the civility of both opposing organizations. Should modern day man lower himself to the level of legalized killers or should they raise themselves above the people and doctrines they hate so much to destroy the foundations from which they[pro-choice] build upon? I want to start off with saying that I believe that people should not have the choice wether or not to keep an unborn child under any circumstances. They need to suffer the consequences of their actions. They already made the choice of the risk of conception. The two people who concieved the child need to face up to life. The law is sheltering people from life. I think that the people who do have abortions don't see abortion as killing a child, they see it as a solution to an unwanted problem. Teenage pregnancy should not be a problem, there is no reason to have to worry about it, there should be protection used if physical contact should happen. The two people who concieve a child in high school are not at the mentality level for a child. The child is better off in an orphanage. This is where I change sides, if a child is concieved while either person is in high school, an early abortion should be legaly demanded. The high schoolers have their entire lives infront ! of them and a child wont drastically change all of that. I also think that people who concieve from a crime(ie. rape), they also should be allowed to have an abortion. As I have said before that I take no sides, I also don't remain neutral. I am pro-life o

Compare & Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare & Contrast - Essay Example The word â€Å"Fall† on the other hand (need I say more), connotes perhaps a â€Å"Fall from Grace.† This season reminds one primarily of old age, rot and decay. The scent in the air is of aging pines and burning autumn leaves damp with the cold feeling of a tomb. That same cold rainy dampness often creates an ache in the body that hints at mortality. Yes, there is a time of vibrant colors, leaves turning crimson and gold, but they soon fall to the ground wither and brown. While it is true that the blooms of flowers in spring also fade, they do so in a much more graceful way. Petal by petal fall and decorate the landscape, and just as suddenly they simply vanish. Leaves, on the other hand, have to be gathered up or they simply decompose and decay where they are. For me it seems that the world waits for spring to arrive. Winter is a time of rest and as the spring thaws surfaces, life begins again. Spring is a season of renewal and rebirth, which never comes early enough and can never outstay its welcome. It has often been said that Spring comes in on the wings of robins. The appearance of robin redbreast is the announcement that winter is over and Spring has come to stay. All the birds follow suit after that, cardinals, blue jays, goldfinch and all seem to come out of nowhere and into the here and now. Spring itself seems to magically appear. One day there is only the hint of enclosed blossoms on the Cherry trees and the next day spring seems to be in full bloom. Fall seems to be the season of the crow. The loud â€Å"caw-caw-caw† of this ravenous raven seems to echo through the woods and streets and towns in falls. Cemeteries look appropriately adorned with brown fall leaves blowing about and leafless desolate trees whose empty branches whip in the wind. The crows perch on he limbs in an attempt to replace the missing leaves and dot the trees with their dower countenances. Fall, like the crow,

Frosted Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Frosted Plc - Essay Example 135). To be understandable, the company has to distinguish between basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share should be calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to ordinary shareholders, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding should be adjusted of the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. If the number of ordinary or potential ordinary shares increases as a result of capitalisation, bonus issue, share split or other reasons, the calculation of earnings per share and diluted earnings per share should be re-calculated retrospectively (Tiffin 2004, p. 137). Materiality means that insignificant amounts should be ignored. ... To do so, it should be able to (a) help them assess past, present, or future events and to (b) confirm or amend past assessments they have made (IASB framework n.d.). Disclosure of relevant information is closely related to the concept of materiality - what is material is likely to be relevant. Relevant information also includes changes in number of shares in issue during the year and the dilution of earnings per share caused by the conversion of potential ordinary shares to ordinary shares (Tiffin 2004, p. 138). Reliability is influenced by the use of estimates and by uncertainties in the recognition and measurement of items. These uncertainties are dealt with by disclosure and by practicing prudence in preparing financial statements (IASB framework n.d.). An enterprise should disclose (a) the amounts used as the numerators for any earnings per share figures and a reconciliation of the amounts to the reported net profit or loss for the period and (b) the weighted average numbers of ordinary shares used as the denominator of any earnings per share figure. A reconciliation among the differing numbers of ordinary shares should be given where appropriate. Basic and diluted earnings per share should be presented, with equal prominence, on the face of the income statement. If an enterprise discloses additional earnings per share figures, example excluding a one off, exceptional cost, then the calculations should be as for basic or diluted earnings per share figures. All earnings per share figures should be disclosed with equal prominence (Tiffin 2004, p. 137). Substance over form means that the underlying business position matters rather than the legal form. For example, equipment may be leased over 5 years-60 monthly installments being paid;

Gender and Ethnicity in Relation to Childhood Inequality Essay

Gender and Ethnicity in Relation to Childhood Inequality - Essay Example According to the report findings individuals are socialized by the society to both behave carryout duties and responsibilities and live like either males or females. This segregation based on gender however causes massive cases of unequal treatment among males and females. This discrimination is because of the roles that the society has specifically constructed for either gender. These equalities are experiences in a variety of aspects within life. These include massive income disparities among workers, preference of males for positions of leadership, and employing only females’ job descriptions. As the research stresses young children based on their sex, begin to be cultured by the society to conform to what the social order considers to be the roles, responsibilities and duties set aside for members of either gender. This socialization of the children results in numerous inequalities. In most societies the male gender is considered to be more superior and important that the female. Based on this children begin to face constant unequal treatment from very early in life. In certain societies around the world, unequal treatment of children has been quite rampant. This is because of the how the society views members of either gender. The society from time immemorial has often considered the girl child to be of lesser value than their male counterparts. Most of the societies around the world would prefer the male child.

Analysis of Dell: Resource Based Views (RBV)

Analysis of Dell: Resource Based Views (RBV) Under RBV, focus is put on whether Dell can identify and configure its unique cluster of internal strategic resources and capabilities [Henry P.127]; [Collis and Montgomery, 1995, Stalk et al., 1992] to achieve a competitive advantage in its markets to maximize profits. According to Barney (1991), to generate competitive advantage, a resource must be valuable, rare, costly to imitate and non-substitutable that can enable the firm to obtain full benefits of the resources to realize a competitive advantage. In the computer market, we can basically identify Dells good customer service and support, production efficiency [Resource-based theory: creating and sustaining competitive advantage By Jay B. Barney, Delwyn N. Clark, P.135, Oxford University Press, 2007], competitive product price, partnership and cooperation with different business all contribute to its success. However, the most significant attribute that make it outperform its competitors is its organisational capability in operations and supply with its direct model, which can basically be divided into direct sales and direct supply. Direct sales Dell is a pioneer in the market to sell computers by going direct to customers, bypassing the resellers. For home customers and small businesses, it sells products directly through internet, telephone or e-mail; whereas for large corporate and institutions, it sells products directly by their sales team using one-to-one contract. Direct Supply Dell applies a build-to-order manufacturing system in which it orders only the components that its customers need, thereby maintaining low level of inventory [P.189 Ch13, Direct from Dell]. Dell has established close relationships with suppliers, which enable it to enjoy many of benefits of vertical integration like constant supply of raw materials and lower factor costs. By having suppliers hubs located near the manufacturing plants and an efficient supply chain with the use of i2 Supply Chain software, Dell can have any components it needs shipped to the plant directly and easily. [Mergers Acquisitions By J. Fred Weston, Samuel C. Weaver, 2001 P.56]; Dell: Building a World-Class Supply Chain Solution, http://cache-www.intel.com/cd/00/00/10/17/101709_i2dell.pdf]. This enables Dell to fully and efficiently serve various orders from different customers. With the help of Dells well-known logistic system, Dell can ship the finished product within 48 hours after a customer place the ord er. Core Competence of Dell Although strategists have distinguished resources from capabilities and have different definitions for core competences [Strategy P.252], the simplest idea is that resources and capabilities that meet the four criteria of Barney (1991) become a source of core competencies. [Strategic Management Competitiveness and Globalization, 2006 Nelson] Core competence is formally defined as the set of firm-specific skills and cognitive processes that give rise to the [med- to long-term] competitive advantage. [McGee and Segal-Horn (1997) also cited in Strategy analysis and practice]. Is Dells capability in operations and supply with its direct model (CDM) a core competence to it? According to Prahalad and Gary Hamel (1990), to be a core competence, at least, the attribute has to: (1) provide potential access to a wide variety of markets; (2) make a significant contribution to the perceived consumer benefits of the end product; (3) be difficult for competitors to imitate. Firstly, CDM changes the traditional way of selling through resellers. It attracts a large group of customers that would have bought standard product and then separately do the customization to buy products from Dell straightaway. This is especially important to business customers who need specialized configuration and software. Moreover, CDM does not only apply to PC but also other product like server and laptop and other products. Therefore, CDM facilitates Dell to enter different markets in which customers requires customization. Secondly, CDM does bring a lot of perceived consumer benefits. Enjoying customized products is probably the best one. Besides, the build-to-order manufacturing system enables it to virtually eliminate excess cost tied into buying too many components and speed up its configuring and delivering process. [Direct from Dell] Moreover, compared with other competitors (e.g. Gateway) that continuously deliver massive stocks into warehouse, Dell can cut the cost by (1) getting rid of middleman and distributors; (2) preventing frequent adjustment of inventory level and sales staff; (3) reducing inventory costs and related overheads; and (4) preventing problems raised by unsold, obsolete products. Customers are thus benefited by getting lower product price and enjoying the latest available technologies from their new product this is supported by the much higher turnover rate in Dell than its competitors (107times compared with HPs 8.5 times in 2004).   Thirdly, it is hard for other competitors to imitate Dells CDM because they cannot replicate Dells resource combination due to the existence of social complexity and causal ambiguity [Henry P.140] Moreover, if they go direct, they may undercut their retailers and then violate the distribution channel contracts they have signed. [P.7 How Dell Does it] Furthermore, by using CDM, Dell has maintained a database of customers purchasing pattern for further targeting. By now, Dell is able to forecast customers demand with 75% accuracy to address them far better than its rivals. Implication As this distinctive CDM that developed internally and are enhanced as it is applied [Parahalad and Hamel, 1990] gives Dell a sustainable competitive advantage in mid to long term over its competitors, it is a core competence to Dell. In this dynamic computer market where the business environment changes frequently, it is more likely that internal resources and capabilities can provide a secure foundation for Dells long-term strategy. Using RBV, CDM can be identified as one of the most important key resources factors as it is a unique and difficult-to-emulate configuration of skilled practices and that lies at the root of the competitiveness of a firm. [St Andrews][Harvard], and it should be exploited by appropriating in the long term. However, in the short term, Dells CDM may somehow hinder its recovery as the worlds largest PC manufacturer. This is because if the demand for PC in corporate market (which accounts for 80% of Dells revenue) increases in a very short period of time due to the economic recovery, component costs may be driven up, giving Dell a disadvantage in comparison with other PC producers that may have large stock on hand. [http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/18779.html] Therefore, Dell should relatively procure more components or make an agreement with its suppliers to reduce such effect. References Ed. Law, J. (2009). resource-based view. A Dictionary of Business and Management, Oxford Reference online, Oxford University Press, viewed 29 December 2009. [online] Mahoney, J.T. and Pandian, J. R. (1992). The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5), 363-380 Fahy, J. and Smithee, A. (1999). Strategic Marketing and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review. 1999 Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management. 17(1). 99-120. Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the organization. Harvard Business Review, 68(3). 79-91 Henry, A. (2008). The Internal Environment: A Resource-Based View of Strategy. In Understanding Strategic Management, pp. 125-148, Oxford University Press, New York. Holzner, S. (2006). How Dell Does It Using Speed and Innovation to Achieve Extradinary Results, pp. 1-30, McGraw-Hill, Acworth Berry, M.M.J. and Taggart, J.H. (1994). Managing technology and innovation: a review, RD Management, 24(4), p.341-53 Brooks I. (2000). Business Environment. In: Brooks I., Weatherston J. eds. The Business Environment: challenges and changes. 2nd Edition. Harlow : Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Ch.1, p.13 Monck, C.S.P., Porter, R.B., Quintas, P. and Storey, D.J. with Wynarczyk. P. (1988). Science Parks and the Growth of High Technology Firms, London: Routledge. Morrison M. PEST/PESTLE Analysis Tool and Template-The Environment Scan. [Online]. (http://www.rapidbi.com/created/the-PESTLE-analysis-tool.html). (Accessed 28th Oct 2008) http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/agps_6.pdf http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199288304/henry_ch05.pdf http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dkLtQyAe45gCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageq=f=false http://www.s-as-p.org/files_papers/Robert%20Chia.pdf (st Andrews) http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/788157_751308121_739446696.pdf (untitled in mms) http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/18779.html http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/operations/Dell%20Supply%20Chain%20Management-Operations%20Case%20Study.htm http://www.amsreview.org/articles/fahy10-1999.pdf http://www.gaebler.com/Dell-Direct-Model-to-Success.htmareerbuilder.com/ http://onwinning.blogspot.com/2007/11/resource-based-view-and-core.html

The Chryslids - Plausible :: The Chrysalids

The Chryslids   - Plausible    â€Å"The Chrysalids† by John Wyndham is an entertaining yet plausible story. It compels the reader to think about human nature and our attitude to the world around us that we often take for granted. The setting of â€Å"The Chrysalids†Ã‚   is several hundred years after a nuclear war. What is left of civilization is a few small towns here and there all over the countries of the world.  Ã‚   The population is by the leadership what the â€Å"true image† is apparently meant to be.   If you are not of the true image then you are sent to live in the fringes. Many people and animals are born with birth defects caused by the nuclear radioactivity that is still present from the nuclear destruction of previous years. The population that is considered of the â€Å"true image† are cruel to the â€Å"freaks† or â€Å"mutants†. Some of the people in the novel are also very bigoted like David’s father. He thinks he is the king of the castle and can’t be wrong. If he says something it should happen like where he has an argument with the inspector about the giant horses or when he burnt that families cat because it didn’t have a tail eg â€Å"It is your moral duty to issue an order against these so called horses!!† Various people including David’s father all agree that deviants are from the devil and should be castrated or thrown out of society. Another thing is that people are forced to agree with the laws and if they don’t they are also thrown from society where they would either be killed or spend the rest of their miserable lives in the sloughs of the fringe people. Their attitude towards the world is OK I suppose. They don’t really use that much of the worlds resources in Waknuk or any of the other little towns around. They don’t need to think about how much longer the supplies of these materials are going to last because all that they are using at the moment is trees, which they seem to have plenty of, and water which they get from wells and rivers. There food they grow or hunt and cook and bake things over open fires I would assume.

Marketing and Spring Rolls Essay

Executive summary Daloon A/S, henceforth just Daloon, was formed in 1960 with the name of Van’s Product by the founder Sai-Chiu Van. Mr. Van started his business in his private cellar where he produced spring rolls that he later sold in Tivoli garden in Copenhagen. In 1964 the company changed their name to Daloon which means â€Å"the big dragon† in Chinese since dragons are known for being friendly towards humans. Daloon has continued to grow and today they have their products sold in several European countries with their main business in UK, Germany, and Scandinavia. The company also has significant export markets in France, Finland, Spain, Austria and Switzerland. Daloon is a major brand throughout Europe within the frozen ethnic snacks market and is in fact the largest manufacturer of spring rolls in the world. We tried to make the requested report including updating information about the external factors which might influence the company’s market potential and the future acti vities. Our market research aims on discovering and assessing India as a new prospective and promising market for the continental European Ethnic â€Å"Ready to eat†/†Ready-to-cook† Food supplier Daloon. The final goal of the market development, thus strategy of growing, is entering the entire market of India but due to expected high cultural, macro and micro environmental differences, we will mainly deal with the market of Delhi. In the marketing part of the report you will find a definition of the market Daloon is inserted market segmentation and recommendations about relevant target groups. In the end of the marketing analysis you are going to find our suggestions and recommendations for Daloon in order to insert their product, spring rolls, in a different and international market. When we speak about National culture and Organizational culture part we assessed the main challenges that the company may face dealing with a different culture. Choosing India as a potential market for a European company requires taking some extra risks if you look at cultural differences between Europe and  Asia. India is an attractive market for investors and foreign companies, which makes it important to have an understanding of their culture. Organizational culture does not only change from country to country but it also changes from company to company, because the beliefs and values differ. Since we have chosen New Delhi (India) as the possible future market, there should definitely be some changes made, thus keeping the working conditions acceptable for their culture. So in this part will be analyzed the two cultures and compared different solutions how to adapt from one to another. 1.0 Introduction â€Å"Daloon is the Chinese word for â€Å"The Great Dragon†Ã¢â‚¬  Daloon is a major brand throughout Europe within the frozen ethnic snacks market and is in fact the largest manufacturer of spring rolls in the world. Daloon A/S, henceforth just Daloon, was formed in 1960 with the name of Van’s Product by the founder Sai-Chiu Van. Mr. Van started his business in his private cellar where he produced spring rolls that he later sold in Tivoli garden in Copenhagen. His business grew and in 1961, the company took over its first factory. In 1964 the company changed their name to Daloon which means â€Å"the big dragon† in Chinese since dragons are known for being friendly towards humans. The company chose this name because consumer experience is something that’s being valued high within the company. Daloon has continued to grow, and today they have products sold in several European countries with their main business in UK, Germany, and Scandinavia. The company also has significant export markets in France, Finland, Spain, Austria and Switzerland. Spring rolls are still Daloon main product, and the group currently produces over 100 different varieties from 20-200 g for cooking in frying, oven and microwave. Daloon range in recent years been extended with a variety of oriental snack products in addition to the Danish specialties, the company has made over many years. The products are made in ‘state of the art’, EEC approved manufacturing facilities in the UK and in Denmark, the home country of Daloon A/S. Both facilities hold the prestigious, BRC Grade A and IFS higher level accreditations. This means that you can be absolutely confident in the first class technical and quality control principles, which the company applies to every aspect of their production operations and support services. Their goal is to further enhance their  position as a leading supplier in the market for ethnic convenience foods, and be the modern consumers preferred choice. While they are mostly known for their spring rolls their product line also includes Mexican and traditional Danish food. The products are made of quality materials and made with health and convenience in mind. 1.1 Problem statement The frozen ethnic food producer Daloon asked our team to develop and conduct a market research about an international market that is not yet covered by the Company in terms of supply and export. The core problem or question is, if there is a country or market that provides suitable conditions for Daloon to enter and by analyzing demographical, behavioral- and social issues, find out what would be the best way to target and position the products in that market in order to have a successful and positive market development of Daloon. So in our case we are going to analyze India, especially Delhi, in the mentioned aspects in order to evaluate the current and prospective market situation and then be able to give a counsel about if Daloon should enter that market and how it would be advisable. 1.2 Delimitations This research focuses on aspects regarding the economy, current situation and development of India; by means of the capital Delhi. Moreover the gathered information is supposed to provide insights into the cultural, behavioral and consumption decisions of potential target groups within the market. The outcome is supposed to be supportive for marketing planning and internationalization strategies. The research does not take care about Supply chain aspects or manufacturer as cooperative partners in the targeted market. Moreover the outcome will not be dealing with specific aspects of a possible marketing mix or an Integrated Marketing communication plan. 1.3 Report structure This report was structured according to the importance of each topic for a better understanding of the overall project. Introduction talks about the company and their tradition in the Danish market. Later you will find Methodology Section approaching different theories applied in our researches and analysis. During the report you will find an analysis based on marketing research and statistical analysis, organizational analysis of the company and an analysis comparing and contrasting both cultures we make reference to during the report: India and Denmark. According to the conclusion of the marketing research we were able to analyze the market we are going to recommend to Daloon in different aspects such as chosen market, target group and segmentation. In the final part of the report Discussion Section approaches the main points argued during the project leading to Conclusion Section and Appendixes. 1.4 Methodology 1. Reviewing theories and models Market research and statistics: * Desk research – it is used for gathering and sorting out secondary data relevant to the research. * Field research – for gathering primary data concerning specific information needs which cannot be met otherwise. * Test for independence – used for determining if a significant relationship exists between two survey variables. * Correlation analysis – used for evaluating the relationships strength and the direction in which two variables are dependent one on another. * Hypothesis test for proportion – used for testing two proportions, one of them based on the survey, for discovering if there is a statistically significant difference between them. Organizational culture and national culture: * Hofstede’s 5 dimensions approach – for comparing the national cultures of Denmark and India using national scores on the dimensions power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation. This is done in order to be outlined the possible areas of agreement and divergence in a business context. * Schein’s layered conceptualization of culture – according to this model the organizational culture consists of 3 layers. At the heart are shared basic assumptions on which are based the next two more visible layers – values and artifacts. It helps understand the organizational culture elements and which of them can be changed in order the company to succeed in the new Indian market. * The double â€Å"S† cube, Goffe and Jones – the model  helps understand which is the prevailing culture type in the organization based on the degree of solidarity and sociability it has . Marketing: * SWOT – the model is used to be analyzed the strengths and the weaknesses the company has and the opportunities and the threats it faces in connection with entering the new Indian market * PEST – this analysis includes the political, economic, social and technological aspects of the Indian market which should be taken into account for the internationalization process of the company * Porter’s five forces – this framework gives understanding about the current situation in Indian market concerning the customers, suppliers, products substitutes, new entrants and competitors of the company. * Boston growth share matrix – used for categorizing the products and finding out on which to focus in the international Indian environment. * Ansoff matrix – gives an orientation what growth strategy is appropriate in the new Indian market 2. Source criticism Main information source for this project, besides the compulsory books for Marketing management semester 2, is the Internet. As far as it concerns governmental and statistical reports it can be considered reliable. However, there is always a possibility that companies’ websites and articles in magazines give outdated or subjective information. 3.0 Market research 3.1 Background for Research This market research aims on discovering and assessing India as a new prospective and promising market for the continental European Ethnic â€Å"Ready to eat†/†Ready-to-cook† Food supplier Daloon. The final goal of the market development, thus strategy of growing, is entering the entire market of India but due to expected high cultural, macro- and micro environmental differences, we will mainly deal with the market of Delhi. Delhi is the capital of India and therefore a suitable representative city for the entire  country. This step is made in order to lower risks and gain experience on the Indian BTC Market, as much as getting to know the national- and business culture of India. Research reason: Due to the fact that India is nowadays known for being a country with tremendous business opportunities and a constantly rising growth since 2002, makes it a bit easier to investigate and research on that topic because there is already a big mass of existing information sources which we can use in order to evaluate the market as an opportunity for Daloon. Furthermore this research should give a hint if it is really advisable to enter the Indian market or not. The economic figures of India speak for themselves and reveal India as a country with a remarkable potential. Growth is omnipresent like for example in the Gross domestic product per capita which grew in the past 3 years from 3.200$/ 18,120.10 DKK (2009) to 3.700$/20,951.36 DKK (2011). The GDP growth in 2011 was estimated with approx. 10% and was constantly growing throughout the last years as a result of India ´s development into an open-economy and the benefiting from globalization and internationalization. Furthermore Delhi has an expected household income growth of annually 10% over the next 8 years which emphasizes once again the huge potential for entering markets. These gigantic upcoming shifts in the household will have a huge impact on the general demand for everything. There are many other figures and facts that underline the potential and growth of India in terms of business occasions and market opportunities. These are the reasons why this research is about to evaluate and assess in order to find out what would be the best way to enter the food market for Daloon. Research topic: The Market development of DALOON into India ´s capital Delhi. Research Objective: To find out if the current market offers suitable conditions and how DALOON should enter the â€Å"Ready-to-Eat†/†Ready-to-cook† market in India, taking Delhi as the first step of the growth strategy. 2.2 Research questions: RQ1: What is the recent demographic situation of Delhi? – sRQ 1.1: How many citizens live in Delhi? – sRQ 1.2: How is the per capita income developing from past to prospective future? – sRQ 1.3: What are the population dynamics of Delhi? – sRQ 1.4: Which languages and religions dominate in Delhi? – sRQ 1.5: Is there a change of society’s values and lifestyle? RQ2: Which products of Daloons ´ Product Portfolio may be suitable for the market of New Delhi? * sRQ2.1.: What does the product assortment of Daloon consist of? * sRQ2.2.: What is the general food consumption/eating behavior of the Indian urban middle class/upper middle class? * sRQ2.3.: Is the product assortment attractive for the Delhi inhabitants? * sRQ2.4.: Which product/s best fit the Delhi inhabitants’ taste and lifestyle? RQ3: What role does â€Å"Ready-to-eat†/†Ready-to-cook† Food play in India? * sRQ 3.1. : Is there a growing â€Å"Ready-to-eat†/†Ready-to-cook† industry in India? * sRQ 3.2. : Is the market very competitive or still a â€Å"blue ocean†? 2.3 Information needs / Variables * Numbers of Citizens in Delhi * Delhi ´s Citizens as a percentage of the entire Indian population * Gross domestic product (PPP per capita) * Economic growth rate of Delhi * Officially spoken languages * Main religions * Percentage of religions * Change of society ´s values * Proportion of employed women (Nowadays, Past) * Product Portfolio of Daloon * Indians’ attitude toward Chinese food * Indians’ preference to eating home/outdoors * Attitude towards unknown brands for frozen food * Price preferences for the product * Special Indian food consumption * Percentage of Indian vegetarians * Vegetarianism in India * Growth rate of the â€Å"Ready-to-eat†/†Ready-to-cook† food industry * Who are the main competitors in â€Å"Ready-to-eat†/†Ready-to-cook† food Market * Market shares of the main competitors * Available niches at the RTE market 2.4 Delimitation/Scope This research focuses on aspects regarding the economy, current situation and development of India; by means of the capital Delhi. Moreover the gathered information is supposed to provide insights into the cultural, behavioral and consumption decisions of potential target groups within the market. The outcome is supposed to be supportive for marketing planning and internationalization strategies. The research does not take care about Supply chain aspects, possible supplier or manufacturer as cooperative partners in the targeted market. Moreover the outcome will not be dealing with specific aspects of a possible marketing mix or an Integrated Marketing communication plan. 2.5 Research Design Primary Data A survey will be conducted for gathering qualitative and quantitative information regarding research question 2 (mainly 2.2, 2.3, 2.4). A questionnaire will be designed and used in order to explore the food- and eating behaviour of Indians as well as the attitudes and preferences towards the product. Secondary Data The main source of information for this research will be secondary data due to the fact that there is already a massive amount of existing data and information available, both quantitative and qualitative. We will start with desk research what consists of reading articles, journals, books and other academic sources related to the topic. The Internet will be of course one of our main sources during the desk research. Description of data collection method Desk research will be conducted in order to gather external information which is relevant to the research. Various sources for this information will be mainly India’s statistics, governmental reports and analyses, online business magazines. Field research will also be carried out for providing more specific information, which is either not existent in the secondary  information sources or not accessible. This information will regard the eating habits and preferences of the modern Delhi inhabitants with a focus on the frozen fast food products. For this purpose a personal interview with the potential customers seems to be an appropriate choice. The main reasons for choosing this method for data collection is because it provides both qualitative and quantitative information, there is a direct physical contact with the potential customers, the response rate is usually high and it is typically used in the early stages of the research plan. The interviews will be carried out in supermarket/hypermarket chains or wholesale retailers located in Delhi. Firstly because these places have high potential for meeting future customers since they are used by the urban working middle class for buying consumer goods. Such chains are Carrefour, Metro Cash and Carry, Biz Bazaar and Spar. In the choice should be included both Indian domestic chains and Western ones because the aim of the survey is to explore the eating behaviour of the modern â€Å"westernized† Indians and the fact that Daloon is a European company. The prepared questionnaire includes 15 short and easy to answer questions in order to be taken less from the respondents’ private time for shopping and to be ensured higher response rate. Although this method does not guarantee representativeness of the results, it gives good understanding for the included topics.

4 Key Models in Urban Geography That Explain Land Use

4 Key Models in Urban Geography That Explain Land Use Walk through most contemporary cities, and the mazes of concrete and steel can be some of the most intimidating and confusing places to visit. Buildings rise up dozens of stories from the street and spread for miles out of view. Despite how hectic cities and their surrounding areas can be, attempts at creating models of the way cities function have been made and analyzed to make our understanding of the urban environment richer. Concentric Zone Model One of the first models created for use by academics was the concentric zone model, developed in the 1920s by urban sociologist Ernest Burgess. What Burgess wanted to model was Chicagos spatial structure with regards to the usage of zones around the city. These zones radiated from Chicagos center, The Loop, and moved concentrically outward. In the example of Chicago, Burgess designated five different zones that had separate functions spatially. The first zone was The Loop, the second zone was the belt of factories that were directly outside of The Loop, the third zone included homes of laborers who worked in the factories, the fourth zone contained middle-class residences, and the fifth and final zone hugged the first four zones and contained the homes of the suburban upper class. Keep in mind that Burgess developed the zone during an industrial movement in America and these zones worked mainly for American cities at the time. Attempts at applying the model to European cities have failed, as many cities in Europe have their upper classes located centrally, whereas American cities have their upper classes mostly at the periphery. The five names for each zone in the concentric zone model are as follows: Central business district (CBD)Zone of transitionZone of independent workersZone of better residencesCommuters zone Hoyt Model Since the concentric zone model isnt applicable to many cities, some other academics attempted to further model the urban environment. One of these academics was Homer Hoyt, a land economist who was mostly interested in taking a look at rents within a city as a means of modeling the citys layout. The Hoyt model (also known as the sector model), which was developed in 1939, took into account the effect of transportation and communication on a citys growth. His thoughts were that rents could remain relatively consistent in certain slices of the model, from the downtown center all the way to the suburban fringe, giving the model a pie-like look. This model has been found to work especially well in British cities. Multiple-Nuclei Model A third well-known model is the multiple-nuclei model. This model was developed in 1945 by geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman to try and further describe a citys layout. Harris and Ullman made the argument that the citys downtown core (CBD) was losing its importance in relation to the rest of the city and should be seen less as the focal point of a city and instead as a nucleus within the metropolitan area. The automobile began to become increasingly important during this time, which made for greater movement of residents to the suburbs. Since this was taken into consideration, the multiple-nuclei model is a good fit for sprawling and expansive cities. The model itself contained nine differing sections that all had separate functions: Central business districtLight manufacturingLow-class residentialMiddle-class residentialUpper-class residentialHeavy manufacturingOutlying business districtResidential suburbIndustrial suburb These nuclei develop into independent areas because of their activities. For example, some economic activities that support one another (for instance, universities and bookstores) will create a nucleus. Other nuclei form because theyd be better off far from one another (e.g., airports and central business districts). Finally, other nuclei can develop from their economic specialization (think of shipping ports and railway centers). Urban-Realms Model As a means of improving upon the multiple nuclei model, geographer James E. Vance  Jr. proposed the urban-realms model in 1964. Using this model, Vance was able to look at San Franciscos urban ecology and summarize economic processes into a sturdy model. The model suggests that cities are made up of small realms, which are self-sufficient urban areas with independent focal points. The nature of these realms is examined through the lens of five criteria: The topological terrain of the area, including water barriers and mountainsThe size of the metropolis as a wholeThe amount and strength of the economic activity taking place within each of the realmsThe accessibility internally of each realm in regards to its major economic functionThe inter-accessibility across the individual suburban realms This model does a good job at explaining suburban growth and how certain functions that are normally found in the CBD can be moved to the suburbs (such as shopping malls, hospitals, schools, etc.). These functions diminish the importance of the CBD and instead create distant realms that accomplish approximately the same thing.

Los 10 mejores países para emigrar

Los 10 mejores paà ­ses para emigrar Estos son 10 paà ­ses que deben ser considerados a la hora de emigrar, bien porque admiten a muchos emigrantes o por sus facilidades o porque brindan programas interesantes. Los paà ­ses se listan por orden alfabà ©tico, pero cada uno brinda puntos a favor y otros en contra, por lo que cada persona deber valorarlos en su conjunto y ver lo que mejor se ajusta a sus intereses y realidades. Australia Australia tiene un triple sistema para admitir emigrantes: peticiones familiares, razones humanitarias o por trabajo. Esto à ºltimo es lo que se conoce como Skilled Stream. La emigracià ³n a Australia por razones laborales puede ser con una visa temporal, en cuyo caso siempre se necesita un patrocinador o puede ser con una tarjeta de residencia permanente, en cuyo caso se admiten varias posibilidades: patrocinio de empresa o de una regià ³n australiana o incluso sin necesidad de patrocinio en lo que se conoce como Skilled Independent Visa.   En la actualidad es frecuente que se obtenga primero una visa temporal y que à ©sta sirva de trampolà ­n para sacar ms tarde una permanente. Asimismo, en la actualidad los campos laborales a los que pertenecen la mayorà ­a de los emigrantes temporales y permanentes que son admitidos en Australia son IT, ingenierà ­a, contabilidad, enfermerà ­a, medicina y educacià ³n. Canad El gobierno federal tiene 3 programas para aprobar la residencia permanente a emigrantes con habilidades especiales. Son el FSTP, el FSWP y el CEC. Es un sistema basado en puntos en el que que se tienen en consideracià ³n factores como la edad de los candidatos, sus conocimientos de los idiomas inglà ©s y/o francà ©s, su experiencia laboral y el nivel de estudios. En la actualidad para aplicar se debe solicitar a travà ©s del Sistema Exprà ©s.   Adems, Canad tambià ©n brinda la oportunidad de emigrar temporalmente a travà ©s de dos programas. En primer lugar el TFWP, que requiere de una oferta laboral por parte de una empresa canadiense, y en segundo lugar el IMP, que est regulado por acuerdos internacionales. Adems, las provincias de Canad regulan sus propias posibilidades para emigrar. Canad tambià ©n brinda la posibilidad de obtener una visa para crear una start-up.  Para ello es necesario obtener una inversià ³n mà ­nima de 200 mil dà ³lares canadienses si el inversor es un fondo designado de capital venture o de 75 mil, si proviene de un grupo de angel investors. Por otro lado, el gobierno federal ya no mantiene el programa pasado de visa por inversià ³n. Sin embargo, la provincia de Quebec sà ­ que lo mantiene. Finalmente, otro punto a favor de Canad es que los trmites para la residencia permanente se demoran, en un 80 por ciento de los casos, menos de 6 meses. Bà ©lgica Este pequeà ±o paà ­s amerita ser destacado en esta lista porque permite obtener una visa temporal para buscar empleo en el paà ­s para personas con un alto grado de especializacià ³n aplicando por lo que se conoce como Blue Card, lo cual es un hecho altamente infrecuente. Destacar que 3 centros distintos gestionan estas visas, segà ºn se busque en la parte de habla francesa, en la flamenca o en Bruselas. Chile Sà ³lo el 2 por ciento de la poblacià ³n chilena nacià ³ en otro paà ­s. Sin embargo es un destino atrayente para las personas interesadas en crear una start-up. Cada aà ±o se celebran tres competiciones y en cada una de ellas se da visa a 100 empresarios, adems de capital y acceso a redes y programas de mentores.   Desde que se creà ³ el programa han emigrado a Chile casi 1000 empresarios de ms de 35 paà ­ses. Dinamarca Este paà ­s que forma parte de la Unià ³n Europea brinda a un mximo de 50 personas por aà ±o la posibilidad de emigrar para fundar una start-up. A pesar de que es un nà ºmero muy pequeà ±o se incluye Dinamarca en este artà ­culo porque sus condiciones son atractivas, ya que no exige inversià ³n mà ­nima, tan sà ³lo que el fundador tenga capacidad para sostenerse. Adems, abre las puertas a aceleradores, fondos de inversià ³n y centros de investigacià ³n daneses. Las peticiones, que deben ser aprobadas por un panel de expertos, deben ser escalables y relacionadas con la tecnologà ­a, teniendo preferencia las de los sectores de Ciencias, ICT (tecnologà ­as de la comunicacià ³n e informacià ³n) y energà ­as limpias y sostenibles. Estados Unidos Cada aà ±o fiscal Estados Unidos aprueba aproximadamente 1 millà ³n de nuevas tarjetas de residencia. Sin embargo, la mayorà ­a de ellas se obtienen por una peticià ³n por parte de un familiar, el cual puede ser un ciudadano americano o un residente permanente legal. Si bien hay otras formas de obtener la codiciada green card. Adems, Estados Unidos mantiene un sistema complejo de distintas categorà ­as de visas de trabajo temporal tanto para personas altamente capacitadas como para migrantes para trabajos donde no se requiere especialidad. Asimismo, el programa de visa de intercambio J-1 permite trabajar en situaciones muy diversas, como por ejemplo, mà ©dico, nià ±era, maestro, prcticas para egresados, staff de campamento de verano, etc. Nueva Zelanda El 20 por ciento de la poblacià ³n de este paà ­s nacià ³ en otro lo que muestra la importancia de la emigracià ³n en Nueva Zelanda. Se brinda varias posibilidades para emigrar, incluidos 3 programas por inversià ³n a partir de 100 dà ³lares locales (aproximadamente $55,000 dà ³lares americanos). Tambià ©n se pueden obtener visas o residencias permanentes por trabajo, particularmente en profesiones en los que siempre hay demanda en Nueva Zelanda, como se muestran en las listas oficiales para empleos con deficiencia de personas que pueden optar al trabajo de manera inmediata o a largo plazo. Programas en Europa para atraer empresarios para crear start ups Existen varios programas para atraer a empresarios no comunitarios entre los que destacan el French Ticket, en Francia, el STEP de Irlanda, el UK Entrepreneur Visas en Reino Unido, el Start-up visa de Italia, que requiere una inversià ³n mà ­nima de 50 mil euros, el Star-up de Holanda, que permite en una de sus modalidades el autoempleo, la Ley de Emprendedores de Espaà ±a. Tarjeta Azul Europea Tambià ©n conocida como EU Blue Card y es el equivalente europeo a la green card de Estados Unidos en muchos aspectos. La pueden solicitar personas con un alto grado de especializacià ³n y que no son nacionales de los paà ­ses de la Unià ³n Europea. Los siguientes paà ­ses pueden emitir la Blue Card: Austria, Bà ©lgica, Bulgaria, Croacia, Eslovaquia, Espaà ±a, Estonia, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia, Holanda, Hungrà ­a, Italia, Letonia, Lituania, Luxemburgo, Malta, Polonia, Portugal, Repà ºblica Checa, Rumanà ­a y Suecia. Uruguay A este paà ­s sudamericano es fcil emigrar, ya que al ingresar no piden billete de regreso ni mà ­nimo de dinero. Una vez dentro es posible regularizar fcilmente la situacià ³n solicitando una cà ©dula provisional, la cual permite buscar trabajo durante un aà ±o. Entre los documentos que se necesitarn est el de certificado de nacimiento, historial de penales y los tà ­tulos acadà ©micos, los cuales deben tener la apostilla de La Haya. Si bien es cierto que emigrar a Uruguay no es complicado deben tenerse en cuenta ciertos factores antes de mudarse al paà ­s, como es el hecho de que los salarios son bajos y el nivel de vida es caro. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management - Assignment Example Personality is described in different ways by various theorists. Freud described theories according to psychic determinism in the sense that he declares how our early life dictates behaviour and unconscious reactions (Dakota, 2003). Freud also believed that individuals have their drives which direct behaviour; he believes that eros is the life instinct which preserves the species; the libido is the sexual energy; and thanatos is the people’s desire to go back to the womb, one which manifests in the person as aggressive behaviour (Dakota, 2003). Jung, believed that personality was made up of the conscious ego – what we present to the outside world; personal unconscious – which refers to a person’s motives which are unique to an individual; and collective unconscious – which refers to how people understand a person’s past (Dakota, 2003). Jung also believed that personality traits were within a continuum and people usually fell within such a con tinuum. Based on the psychodynamic theorists like Adler (Dakota, 2003), individuals already have basic qualities which define their personality. Karen Horney, also another psychodynamic theorist, believed that anxiety is a major motivator in people’s actions. ... For the infant, he usually gains trust in his surroundings based on how his basic needs are met (Dakota, 2003). As the toddler gains control of his bladder and bowel, he also learns to be more independent; as he reaches the pre-school years, he learns to initiate activities, most often during playtime. He later competes with his peers during his school age years. As a teenager, he also establishes a sense of self and comes up with his own goals (Dakota, 2003). During his adult years, he finds a sense of belonging with friends or through a significant other. The theories and explanations above can be used in order to understand behaviour in the workplace. By understanding how personality types and qualities can vary, the appropriate actions can be expected of individuals. The personality match to the organization is an important element of effective management. Without such match, the organization activities would not succeed and blend well with the workers. There are five major perso nalities which are often considered within an organization. Extroverts manifest as sociable and assertive individuals; those who are agreeable are good-natured and cooperative; the conscientious ones usually reliable and organized; emotional stability manifests in those who are calm and secure; finally, openness is usually seen in terms of their sensitivity and curiosity (Ahmed, et.al., 2010). Extroversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness are usually favourably related to collaboration in conflict management. For managers, managing different personalities is highly based on how he understands each personality for each of the various workers. Behaviour can

Fieldnotes Write-up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fieldnotes Write-up - Assignment Example Initially, there were about three or four young people from the nearby community who guided our tour and I recall how eager they exchanged delightful phrases on introducing the garden with its history. It was quite amazing how one of them entertained me in my query of the freeway which interestingly runs alongside and beneath the garden. They pointed out that to some thirty nine gardeners, the Solano Canyon Garden has become an oasis, feeding and slaking thirst of a newly-found diverse mother nature gone concrete yet surprisingly organic. Surrounding the garden’s entrance, I noticed the inlays of tiles in certain portions, including the steps, which had seemingly been scientifically structured on purpose to allow proper growth of plants throughout their place. Back then, without a tour guide, I could imagine how little would be known of each plant type in view which, in reality, serves more than a single sense – aesthetic to sight and healthy taste to palate of urban living. It hardly occurred to us that the scenic fields are a lush vegetation of organic produce as we generally felt that Solano Canyon Garden is more of a park, lovely in its own way, exhibiting colorful flowers and herbs of peculiar species chiefly rendered as they are for tourist attraction. We were three-fourths way through with our journey when we met with the interactive Al Renner, the Master Gardener, who had humbly and cheerfully walked the class through paths leading to farm culture of dominant greens making us grin with awe upon seeing exotic plants of various unique appearances and whose green color sometimes comes beyond typical shades. As if to be one with real nature, I could sense that the majority of us had been drawn to its beauty featured in the well-tended beds of flowers and vegetables that are further enhanced by the refreshing swish of the river’s noise from the background and

Group effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group effectiveness - Essay Example If the new approaches were adapted, then the group would have worked harmoniously. Respect for each other’s opinions should have been present. The work load should have been assigned fairly and not randomly decided by the self-appointed leader, who wanted to get all the credit, although all he did was to assign the jobs that have to be completed. 2) There were several factors that contributed to one’s satisfaction in being a member of a group. First of all, from the very start the goal of the group was established. Although each one has a goal of his own, a common objective was arrived at by the group. The roles of each member were very clear from the beginning. Each one was assigned a role which best fits his qualifications. There were rules that served as guidelines for the group. There were differences of opinions during the meetings but everyone was ready to listen to what one has to say. Respect was always present. Even if there were some disagreements, it was resolved politely, without any violent reactions from the group members. The decision was a group decision and not a decision made by only one person. 3) To further improve one’s communication skills, one has to learn to listen to other people’s opinions without having to be judgmental. One should realize that there is a time to speak and a time to listen. To be more effective in working with a group, one must know what he can contribute to the group by knowing his qualifications and capabilities. A win-win solution should always be the focus of decision-making. An evaluation of how one contributed to the group goals and how the group achieved its goals must be in place. Another way of improving one’s communication skills is to learn how to get the right message in the proper manner. One’s ideas must be clear and simple to be better understood by the other

Climate and Polar Maritime Air Essay Example for Free

Climate and Polar Maritime Air Essay To what extent is the climate of the British Isles a product of the air masses that affect it? Climate is defined as the weather averaged over a 30 year period, with weather being determined by temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. The climate in the British Isles is described as cool temperate western maritime climate, although there are regional differences in climate across the British Isles; with average temperatures ranging from -0.2 to 20.9 degrees Celsius. The climate of the British Isles is influenced by the movement of five major air masses. However, it is also influenced by other factors, including its topography, ocean currents, latitude, and weather systems. Firstly, it can be argued that air masses play a large part in the overall climate of the British Isles. Air masses are large bodies of air with reasonably uniform temperature, pressure and humidity throughout. There are five main air masses that influence the climate: tropical maritime(TM), polar maritime (PM), tropical continental (TC), polar continental (PC) and arctic maritime (AM). The direction of the air masses can be seen in the diagram below. Tropical Maritime brings warm moist air from the Atlantic Ocean. This warm air hits areas of high relief in western England and Wales, causing the air to rise, which means clouds form. Areas of high relief in the west of England include Dartmoor and Exmoor. The air is very moist as it is from the ocean, so there is lots of precipitation. This wind is warm, which means that is has a warming affect in the winter, however in the Summer because the land has a lower specific heat capacity, it heats up more than the Atlantic ocean. Therefore it has a cooling affect in summer. Tropical Continental air masses bring hot and dry air in summer. This causes high temperatures with very little precipitation, and is the reason for heat waves in the British Isles. For example the heat wave in July 2013, where temperatures reached 33.5 °C . Polar Maritime air masses bring cold moist winds as they originate from a north westerly direction, over the Atlantic Ocean. This therefore causes very cold wet weather in the British Isles, especially in the westerly parts of the British Isles where there is high relief causing precipitation. Polar Maritime air is dominant over the winter season. Polar Continental air masses originate from high latitudes such as Siberia so therefore bring very cold conditions with them, however as they come from land not ocean, the air masses bring dry conditions. Arctic air  masses originate over the Arctic Ocean where high pressure dominates. The air masses bring extremely cold temperatures, however is only dominant in winter, and sometimes in spring. However this air mass is more likely to affect the climate in Scotland, and northern England, as it has come from a northernly direction. Overall this shows that air masses do play a significant role in the overall climate of the British Isles, however some air masses are more dominant than others in different seasons, and some air masses are dominant in different areas of the British Isles. The climate of the British Isles is also greatly affected by weather systems such as depressions. Mid Latitude depressions are formed over the Atlantic Ocean on the Polar front. They move in an easterly direction across the British Isles. The depressions are low pressure systems that are formed when moist, warm â„ ¢ air meets drier, colder PM air. The warm, moist air is forced upwards, by the colder denser air. The Coriolis effect causes the air to rotate in an anticlockwise direction. The jet stream is also involved as it moves the depression from west to east. The climate associated with depressions is strong winds, clouds and precipitation. However the climate is dependent on which air mass is over the British Isles. Polar maritime air brings average temperatures for the season in winter, around 5 °C-8 °C in January, but cooler temperatures for the summer season, at around 16 °C to 18 °C in July. This air mass also brings lots of precipitation. Tropical maritime air brings humid and mild weather in winter, with temperatures averaging at around 12 °C-14 °C in January. Tropical maritime can also bring thunderstorms , due to the humidity and low pressure. An example of when a depression has greatly affected the British Isles was the Great Storm in 1987. This fast moving depression caused wind speeds of up to 81mph. The British Isles experienced lots of rainfall, and there was even an increase in temperature by 6 °C in places, where the warm front was situated. This shows how depressions can have great impacts on the climate of the British Isles, however this large depression is not common, so does not usually affect the climate. Overall, depressions have a great impact on the climate of the British Isles both in winter and summer, however it can be argued that air masses play an important role in the formation of depressions, so this also shows that air masses indirectly affect the climate. The British  Isles has a latitude between 50 °N and 60 °N. This has a great impact on the climate that it experiences, meaning that the latitude is another factor that will influence the climate of the British Isles. The latitude of an area will affect how much insolation it will receive. This is due to the angle of incidence, which can be see in the diagram below. A larger angle of incidence will mean that the insolation from the sun will only disperse over a small area, whereas a small angle of incidence means the same amount of insolation will be spread over a larger area. At a 30 ° angle, a one wile wide ray of insolation will be dispersed over a two mile radius, whereas an angle of incidence of 90 ° with the same ray of insolation will be dispersed over a one mile radius. Higher latitude have smaller angles of incidence, meaning that they will receive less insolation. Therefore the latitude of the British Isles means that there will be temperate conditions. It is not likely that the British Isles will experience a very hot climate due to the fact that id does not receive enough insolation to heat up the surrounding air and ground. This can be seen if you compare the average yearly temperatures of the British Isles compared to Somalia, which is found at a lower latitude of 2.03 °. The British Isles has an average temperatures ranging from 8.5-11 °C. In contrast Somalia has temperatures around 24-31 °C. This demonstrates how that latitude of an area can greatly impact the temperature, which means it affects the overall climate of the area. This shows that latitude is a factor other than air masses that will impact the climate of the British Isles. Altitude is another factor that influences the climate of the British Isles. On average the air temperature falls by 0.65 °C every 100m rise in altitude. This is due to the fall in pressure as the altitude increases, meaning molecules have less kinetic energy. For example Ben Nevis has a height f 1,344 metres, and has an average annual temperatures of -5 °C, compared to the British Isles which has an average annual temperature of around 8.5-11 °C. This shows that altitude has a direct impact on the temperature of the British Isles, so areas of high altitude in the west of the British Isles, such as Cambrian will have lower temperatures. The altitude of the British Isles will also cause precipitation, as when moist air masses move across areas of high relief, the air masses are forced upwards, where the  cool condense and form clouds. For example in Wales the Cambrian mountains receive over 100mm rainfall per month all year round. This is due to the tropical maritime and polar maritime winds bringing moist air. Overall this shows that altitude can have a large impact on the climate of the British Isles, however air masses are also involved in this, which demonstrates that air masses still play a significant role in the overall climate. Lastly, ocean currents are another factor that have a large impact on the climate of the British Isles. The most significant ocean current is the Gulf Stream, which . Gulf Streams are influenced In conclusion, the climate of the British Isles is a product of air masses so a large extent. Although there are many other factors that also affect the climate, air masses are also involved in these factors, such as the formation of depressions, or the movement of ocean currents. Therefore air masses so also indirectly influence the climate of the British Isles, meaning that they play the most significant role in affecting the climate.

Hilton and Holiday Inn Human Resource strategy and Operational planning

Hilton and Holiday Inn Human Resource strategy and Operational planning Introduction The essay will explore the theoretical and practical sides of the relationship between the Human Resource strategy and the Operational planning and development in the retail and hospitality industry, in order to determine a deep overall view of the subject. The text will draw upon many cases, research, and literature to demonstrate the background that is necessary for an independent evaluation of this topic. The paper will take Hilton and Holiday Inn as an example of todays average but highly successful corporation and investigate the companys past and current human resource strategies and the reasons behind their strategic decisions. Through the essay; human capital management, business performance, model of comparative SHRM, strategy evaluation, HR links between missions, as well as goals of the organizations and further related topics; will be discussed. The essay is divided by nine major topics. Certain topics will be examined in greater detail for more accurate understanding, ho wever as SHRM indicates every topic will also deeply link together and therefore specific parts on certain subjects will be discussed in other topics. Hard definition SHRM can be defined as the connection between HR, strategic objectives and goals in order to increase productivity or efficiency and create business culture that promotes flexibility, innovation, and competitive advantage. In a corporation, Strategic Human Resource Management means accepting and involving the Human Resource roles as a strategic partner in the formulation and implementation of the organisations strategies through Human Resource functions such as staffing, selecting, training and rewarding employees. (Mello, 2010) Recruitment linked with operational strategy The first area of focus is on the process of accurate staffing, management, and organisation of a business through human resource functions. Businesses are able to create a highly effective strategic framework as it will be uniquely personalised for their exact situation. This is by recognising the portfolio of the corporation at the operational, managerial and strategic level, rather than arranging the human resource department to reflect the strategic, managerial and operational requirements of the organisation (Hamel and Prahalad, 1996: 242). The most important structural variations of the corporation also stand on the corporations recruiting procedure. Position posting, succession forecasting and management development offer the HR department a chance to bring a measure of integration to the recruiting procedure and to have power over the internal movement of the corporations human resources. It is especially significant that staffing for all levels of positions, as well as the d omestic movement of employees, be coordinated with the strategic concerns of the business (Baron Kreps, 1999). The portfolio of the business will make a significant input to the progress of a businesses recruiting strategy; it is one of the driving forces in the staffing, promotion plans program development and selection. Management between the businesses recruiting and its strategic plans can improve the businesses ability to get used to environmental conditions. However businesses are likely to recruit people who have similar characteristics to the managers who are presently working within it. Little conscious attention is paid to identifying the characteristics most congruent with different organizational configurations. (Galbraith and Nathanson,1978). Employee skill and behaviour training Many businesses, including local shops in Edinburgh owned by the Asian community, have faced the challenge of developing greater confidence, solution finding, initiative, and trouble solving capabilities among their employees. This has become a serious problem (Megginson Banfield Matthews, 1999) as those convenient stores are the backbone of the economy (Dr. Welsh, 2000). Businesses need employees at every level to be more resourceful, independent, creative and self sufficient. These characteristics allow employees to function at a superior strategic level, making businesses more competitive and productive. Therefore, they require training development which includes all activities intended and executed to support staff members knowledge, abilities (or competencies) and skills. For organizations, training and development especially relates to those activities that make sure that every staff member is capable enough to build a work environment that is both inclusive and diverse. In addition to supporting abilities, skills and knowledge; several training and development plans associated with diversity efforts to influence the attitudes, maturity, courage or values of their members, are also necessary for the development of strategic and managerial capabilities. It should be noted that training and development plans that try to make major adjustments with regard to attitudes need a large amount of time and investment if they are to be successful. However each individual training undergone is a kind of long term investment, therefore determining the return on investments when conducting training and development activities, are very important. There are several kinds of training options. Mentoring, Coaching and Counselling are the most well known ones. Although many of the methods are similar within these training options as they are normally delivered by individuals, there are numerous unique characteristics of each method that make them exclusive in their own wa y other than the fact that the individual has different qualifications, different relationships with their client and is usually working within different time frames (Megginson, Banfield Matthews, 1999) Employee Empowerment As it has been mentioned earlier, companies try to train their staff to be more self-sufficient so that less supervision would be required; or in other words, empower them. Employee empowerment is an expression used to express the ways in which employees without managerial positions can make independent decisions with no need of confirmation from a boss or manager. These independent decisions can be small or large depending on the level of power with which the organisation wants to invest in the member of staff. Personnel empowerment can start with training, as stated above, and by converting a whole business into an empowerment model. On the other hand it may simply mean giving staff members the ability to make a few decisions on their own. When people feel they have options and are allowed to make direct decisions, this does frequently show the way to a better feeling of self worth. In a representation where power is directly attached to a sense of self, the feeling of having some power is a priceless thing (Losey Ulrich Meisinger, 2005). A staff member who does not feel continuously evaluated by managers and watched is more likely to consider their workplace as a positive, happy environment, rather than a negative one. Employee Commitment The behavioural research, carried out by a group at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, recognizes the aspects that most possible to affect 21st century staff well being, productivity and commitment. (PhD. Kreisman, 2002). They established that loyalty is mainly influenced by ones sense of purpose, general trust in the business and feeling of individual impact. Productivity is mostly affected by the quality of human relations including social group moods, cooperative and interaction. The results of the investigation guided them to conclude that working environments that offer positive atmosphere that encourage quality personal relationships and interpersonal trust generates the most loyal and productive staff members. So a staff member who does not feel continuously watched by managers is more likely to judge their workplace as a positive environment, as it has been said before, therefore he or she will feel more committed to the organisation. This would increase t heir productivity, as peoples efforts generate greater results. In conclusion, this would cut cost for the organisation. (Losey Ulrich Meisinger, 2005) Mutual flexibility Last year a much respected five star Hilton hotel recruited front line staff for part time positions. From week one Hiltons management required them to work 65 hours even when indeed they had a contract for 25 hours per week. They were unable to do anything about this unfortunate situation as it was clear that if they could not fit their schedules they were free to leave. By the end of the 3rd month when their training had finished, many of them were exhausted and fed up, and they left the Hilton group for their leak of flexibility (Mehta, 2005). Flexibility is essential for both the employer and the employee; flexibility of staff member behaviours, workers skills and Human Resource practices stand for a significant sub dimension of Human Resource flexibility and are associated with greater business performance. Results based on perceptual methods of Human Resource flexibility and accounting measures of business performance support this prediction. Behaviour, skill, and Human Resourc e practice flexibility are, however, drastically connected with an index of business financial performance. Numerous professionals believe that the only skill that flexibility contributes is its cost efficiency. (Hendry, 1995) Hilton has recruited them because they were looking for people who go the extra mile; people who are flexible. The fact that Hilton did not give anything to them in return meant that these people left. Despite this, their worth and value has increased as the result of the training that Hilton gave them, while Hilton lost a significant amount of money. In the Hospitality business, staff turnover is the biggest problem because in the service industry, staff represent the biggest cost and long time investment at the same time. This means that when companies start to train their staff they integrate them into the business even if they are not core employees. When they leave however, all the money and time put in will be lost, not to mention the cost of the ongoing posting of jobs, interviews and other administrational fees (Hayes Ninemeier, 2008). Human Capital versus SHRM A several authors have argued that SRHM and Human Capital Management are the same thing. Certainly the idea of SHRM matches that of the broader meaning of HCM relatively well; as the following characterisation of the key features of SHRM by Dyer and Holder (1998) demonstrate that strategies engage decisions regarding main policies, key goals and the allowance of resources that are likely to be formulated at the top. Strategies are business determined and focus on organisational efficiency; thus in this perspective, are viewed mainly as resources to be managed toward the success of strategic business targets (Society for Human Resource Management, 2004). Strategies by their very nature offer combined frameworks which are at once integrative, broad and possibility based. These integrate a full complement of Human Resource targets and activities intended exclusively to fit existing environments and to be equally reinforcing or synergistic. This sections discussion has been based on the evidence that both Human Resource Management in its appropriate sense and Human Capital Management, rest on the supposition that employees are treated as assets rather than expenses and both focus on the significance of adopting an incorporated and strategic move towards managing employees which is the worry of every stakeholder in a business, not only the staff management function. On the other hand, the theory of HCM strengthens and complements the theory of SHRM rather than replaces it. Therefore both Human Capital Management and Strategic Human Resource Management can be considered as crucial components in the progression of staff management and both form the basis for accomplishing HR advantage through a resource based strategy (Greer, 2000). Soft HRM versus Hard HRM The effort to satisfy external stakeholders and the costumers demanding nature lead to a pressure on HR management both strategically and operationally side. (York, 2009) Customer service and associated perceptions have led retail businesses and hospitality to a more theoretical judgment of HR management. In the long term it is left to be seen whether the strategic management of HR has been better regulated by hard Human Resource Management, which is the traditional managerial distrust approach. Humans are lazy by nature and simply pursue their self-interests. This means that there are two different and conflicting sets of interests: the organisation and its employees. It is the managements job to encourage the right attitude in staff members so that their actions pursue the accomplishment of the organisations goals, not their own. Thus there is a case for the existence of correctives and coercion. (Megginson 1999), On the other hand there is the soft Human Resource Management or in other name the Harvard model which is the opposed approach. Instead of seeing humans as lazy machines, they are seen as able to take care of their feelings, emotions and motivations. Employees might in fact wish for personal realisation and work could be one of the ways to achieve it. People like things done well, and making a difference. Managers therefore, must allow them to do so and help them to maintain their high levels of motivation. Employees are not lazy, they do not hate working, and can be self responsible. In this way, coercion is no longer essential (Megginson 1999). Customer Service, (linking) Mayfair London located at the centre of the British Tourism Hospitality Industry and Bass group is a primary hospitality chain. Johnson (1999) examines that the senior managers at Holiday inns carried out a training project that included spending short times at operative levels. This training led them to discover that if front line employees were not given autonomy and authority to solve non routine issues as they came up, their customers belief of quality service would be badly damaged. It is significant to identify the connection between the front line staff, executives and the empowerment of employees to take liability for quality management problems and customer care satisfaction. The corporation then initiated training programs to provide employees with the possibilities to take further liability for problem solving and quality as well as implement new employment strategies, for example auditions for front office staff to differentiate applicants with the right attitudes. The te rm right attitudes suggests that the organization is seeking employees with culturally specified social skills, attributes that are frequently difficult to appraise. These tacit or soft abilities, are skills to carry out complex functions and relationship roles while at the same time, carry out technical (or hard) tasks. (Hayes Ninemeier, 2008). Executives also accept that the success of the new strategies would give a genuine dedication to the interests and welfare of staff. The hotel gained Investors in People recognition in 1995. This section is an excellent example that shows how everything is linked together. The essay previously discusses empowerment, flexibility, commitment, training, customer service and many more things, as this example states; every single area of human resource management effects the entire business progress just as much as one area effects another. Conclusion Business or corporate strategy for service companies in areas such as tourism, hospitality and retail; has to satisfy a variety of stakeholders, and interests them within a strategy framework appropriate to all of them. SHRM has played a part in the consolidation of staff members, within the model established by the executive senior managers. Strategic Human Resource Management is therefore a component of the wider network of business administration and corporate strategy. It is valuable for every corporation to organize their employees within a designed and logical framework which reflects the organisations strategy. It is necessary that the varieties of aspects of HRM are mutually reinforced in developing the behaviours and performance needed to accomplish business success. Every single person is part of the organisation and is partially reliable for the companys success and therefore they represent the biggest asset of a service company. Employees represent one of the biggest cost but they can also represent the greatest competitive advantage against other businesses. Despite this, there is not a single Human Resource Management strategy that would bring success in every situation. Businesses have to identify a strategy which is exceptional to their own circumstances in terms of goals, context and the demands of business stakeholders.